Tuesday, September 28, 2021

Why should do CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

 

Why should do CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

           A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis can help diagnose problems in the bladder, uterus, prostate, liver or bowels.

What can be detect  a CT  ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

      inflammation, infection, injury or disease of the liver, spleen, kidney stones, stomach, intestine, pancreas, bladder, male and female reproductive organs and bone Ext……

Why should do contrast scan?

           A special dye called contrast material is needed for some CT scans to help highlight the areas of your body being examined. The contrast material blocks X-rays and appears white on picture, which can help emphasize blood vessels, intestines or other structures. Contrast material might be given to you: By oral.

Why need iv  (intravenous) contrast ?

   Intravenous contrast media is used for artery and Venus visualisation liver, spleen, kidney, and pelvis organs ext..

Why need oral contrast in CT abdomen and pelvis?

     Oral contrast is used for better visualisation instainal organs such as stomach, duodenum, small instain.

Why need rectal contrast in CT abdomen and pelvis?

    A CT enema scan is a test to look at your large bowel. It involves putting a small tube into your rectum (bottom) to inflate the large bowel with carbon dioxide. A special contrast dye that help the large bowel show up better on x-ray is usually used during the CT enema.

What can I do before CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

WITHOUT CONTRAST:-

        EAT/DRINK: If your doctor ordered a CT scan without contrast, you can eat, drink and take your prescribed medications prior to your exam.

CONTRAST :-

         If your doctor ordered a CT scan with contrast, do not eat anything three hours prior to your CT scan. You are encouraged to drink clear liquids.

 

Saturday, September 25, 2021

Why we do HRCT chest in COVID 19, How to calculate CT severity score

 

Why we do HRCT chest in COVID?

        High-resolution CT scan of the chest provides better visualisation of the extent and Nature of the lung involvement in patients with COVID 19. However any such additional information gained from CT scan of the chest often has little impact on treatment decisions.

Anatomy of the lungs.

       The lungs are the major organ of the respiratory system, and are divided into sections, or lobes.

        The right lung has three lobes and is slightly larger than the left lung, left lung which has two lobes. The lungs are separated by the mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and many lymph nodes.

 

Section

Right lung

Left lung

Lobes

Upper lobe

Upper lobe

Middle lobe

------

Lower lobe

Lower lobe

 

COVID 19 directly affect the lungs and damages the alveoli (tiny air sacs).

How to calculate CT severity score in HRCT chest?

        Thera are five lobe in the lung. Per lobe score volume 0-5. Total score volume in lung 0-25. After HRCT perform doctor calculate total infection involvement in the lung 25 out of 0.

 

Category of CT severity score:-

Normal

0

Mild

1-7

Moderate

8-17

Severe

18 and above

This infection calculate only pneumonia not a COVID 19 positive or negative.

After RT-PCR (real time polymers chain reaction) report than confirm positive or negative.

 

Monday, September 20, 2021

MCQ

Q1. The ring finger is the _____ digit.
  •  first 
  • fourth 
  • second 
  • fifth

fourth

Q2. The hand should be made into a fist for what projection

  • PA hand
  • lateral hand
  • PA wrist
  • none of the above


PA hand

Q3.The _____ is the smallest wrist bone.

    • lunate
    • hamate
    • pisiform
    • scaphoid


pisiform

Q4.Rotatation of the forearm so the palm faces down is called

  • hyperflexion
  • inversion
  • supination
  • Pronation

pronation

Q5. The degree of blackening an image

  • Density (mAs)
  • Contrast
  • SID
  • Scatter radiation

contrast

Q6. More radiaiton makes an image

  • Lighter
  • Invisible
  • Nothing changes
  • Darker

Darker

Q7. Less radiation makes an image

  • Lighter
  • Darker
  • Invisible
  • Nothing changes

Lighter

Q8. What does KVp INDIRECTLY control? (15% rule)

  • Quality
  • Quantity
  • Penetrating ability
  • Peak

Quality

Q9. What controls beam quality

  • MAs
  • KVp
  • Seconds
  • Radiographer

kvp

Q10. If the KVp has more energy what does it have

  • More penetrating force
  • Less penetrating force
  • Same penetrating force
  • No penetrating force

more penetrating force

Q11. Regarding filters used in diagnostic radiography which statement is correct:

  • Copper and aluminium are the materials of choice for added filtration of X-ray beam.
  • Copper alone is a better filter.
  • In compound filter high atomic number material filter faces the patient and low atomic number material filter faces the Xray tube.
  • Characteristics radiation produced by AP filter can give significant radiation dose to the skin.

Copper and aluminium are the materials of choice for added filtration of X-ray beam.

Q12. Regarding radiographic PA view of the thorax.

  • Technicians place posterior aspect of patient’s thorax against X-Ray film cassette.
  • Shoulders are rotated posteriorly.
  • Deep inspiration increases radiolucency of lungs.
  • All thoracic vertebrae are clearly visible.

Deep inspiration increases radiolucency of lungs.

Why should do CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

 

Why should do CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

           A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis can help diagnose problems in the bladder, uterus, prostate, liver or bowels.

 

What can be detect  a CT  ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

      inflammation, infection, injury or disease of the liver, spleen, kidney stones, stomach, intestine, pancreas, bladder, male and female reproductive organs and bone Ext……

 

Why should do contrast scan?

           A special dye called contrast material is needed for some CT scans to help highlight the areas of your body being examined. The contrast material blocks X-rays and appears white on picture, which can help emphasize blood vessels, intestines or other structures. Contrast material might be given to you: By oral.

Why need iv  (intravenous) contrast ?

Post iv contrast abdomen pelvis
Post iv contrast 

   Intravenous contrast media is used for artery and Venus visualisation liver, spleen, kidney, and pelvis organs ext..

Why need oral contrast in CT abdomen and pelvis?

     Oral contrast is used for better visualisation instainal organs such as stomach, duodenum, small instain.

Why need rectal contrast in CT abdomen and pelvis?

    A CT enema scan is a test to look at your large bowel. It involves putting a small tube into your rectum (bottom) to inflate the large bowel with carbon dioxide. A special contrast dye that help the large bowel show up better on x-ray is usually used during the CT enema.

 

What can I do before CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS?

WITHOUT CONTRAST:-

        EAT/DRINK: If your doctor ordered a CT scan without contrast, you can eat, drink and take your prescribed medications prior to your exam.

CONTRAST :-

         If your doctor ordered a CT scan with contrast, do not eat anything three hours prior to your CT scan. You are encouraged to drink clear liquids.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Saturday, September 18, 2021

CT scan PNS paranasal sinuse

 

  • What is PNS?

           PNS is known as paranasal sinuses. The paranasal sinuses are air field extensions of the nasal cavity. There are 4 pear of sinuses are named according to the bone in which they are located. 

Maxillary sinuses.

Frontal sinuses.

Ethmoid sinuses. 

Sphenoid sinuses.


  • What are they stracture ?

            Maxillary sinuses is largest in the paranasal sinuses, are under the eye, in the maxillary bone.

The frontal sinuses superior to eyes, in the frontal bone, which form the hard part of the forehead.

The ethmoid sinuses, formed from several discrete air cells within the ethmoid bone between the nose and eye.

The sphenoid sinuses are located in sphenoid bone.

 

  • What are they function?

  1. Supporting immune defence of the nasal cavity.
  2. Lightening the weight of the head.
  3. Humidifying and heating inhaled air.
  4. Increase the resonance of the voice.

 

  • Why do a CT scan of PNS?

          Help diagnose sinusitis :- evaluate sinuses that are filled with fluid or thickened sinus membranes. Detect the polyps and inflammatory diseases. Provide information about tumours of the nasal cavity.

 

  • What does CT PNS show?

An inflammation of the membranes lining the nose.

Facial injury or bone fracture.

Chronic sinusitis with polyps.

(DNS) deviated nasal septum.

Some orbit disease.


  • Windows in CT scan of PNS.

  There are two windows and three sections.

Bone window:-

Windows

Sections

Apering in CT scan

Bone

Axial, coronal and sagittal

Images of the bone window demonstrate the normal anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the integrity of the nasal septum, nasal bone and nasal Pyramid.

Soft tissue/sinuses

Axial, coronal and sagittal

Soft tissue is specially for blood vessels and other collation s

 

Bone window axial:-

Bone window axial PNS
Bone window axial

Soft window axial:-

Soft window axial PNS
PNS soft window axial

  • Do you need contrast for CT sinus?

         This examination dose not commanly require contrast material. In some situations your physian may request that contrast material be given.


  • Why is contrast needed in CT scan?

         A special dye is called contrast material is needed for some CT SCAN to help highlight the area of your body being examined.

Before do contrast scan creatinine report is important.

 

  • Before doing CT scan Technologist asking they patients history.

Headache or giddiness.

Facial swelling and HOW many day’s.

Any trauma.

Old reports CT or MRI.

Any operative history.

 

  • Bone window coronal:-

 

PNS bone window coronal
PNS bone window coronal


Visit aur youtube channel :- https://youtube.com/channel/UCsf6NQKsv7mzj3zUNRvQxKQ

 

 

Wednesday, September 15, 2021

What is HRCT? How we do HRCT? HRCT chest findings.

 

What is HRCT?

 Full form:- high-resolution computed Tomography.

        High-resolution computed Tomography is a type of computed Tomography with specific technique to enhance image resolution. It is used in the diagnosis of various health problems, through Most commonly for lung disease of the lung parenchyma.

How is HRCT done?

       The high resolution computed Tomography of the chest is an imaging procadure that used marrow beams of ray to create a high resolution image of the lung anatomy.

Why we do HRCT ?

      They can give more details about injuries or diseases of the chest organs. In a CT scan, an a x-ray beam moves in a circle around patient body. It takes many pictures, called slices, of the lungs and inside the chest. A computer processes this picture and display it on monitor.

HRCT findings:-

  • Lungs disease
  • Pneumonia
  • COVID pneumonia
  • TB (tuberculosis)
  • Effusion
  • Tumour ( beniane are non cancerus, malignant  tumor are cancerus)
  • Bone abnormalities
  • Joint abnormalities

COVID 19 directly affect the lungs and damages the alveoli (tiny air sacs).

Windows Appering on CT chest:-

There are two windows first mediastinal and second lung window.


Mediastinal :-

Mediastinum window HRCT chest


         In the mediastinal windows the lungs are over exposed and simply appear in Black. This algorithm is used to assess chest wall and mediastinal stracture, usually with intravenous contrast so that vascular structures. In the mediastinal can be distinguished from enlarged lymph nodes.




Lungs window:-

Lungs windows in HRCT chest
Lungs windows in HRCT chest


       A lung window is used to view lung parenchyma (JU IS -500) would be within range, appearing grey. Air pocket (HU -1000) around the lung, such as pneumothorax or bullar, would appear Black, thus allowing clear differentiation.


3D lung image:- three dimensional computerized segmentation of lung volume with computed Tomography.

CT lung 3D view


     Three dimensional (3D) based detection and diagnosis has an important role for significantly improving the detection and diagnosis of lung cancer upon computed Tomography.





Monday, September 13, 2021

Ct pressure injector, types of injector and how to work

 

  • What is the pressure injector?

            Pressure injector are important accessories in modern radiology department are use CT, MRI and interventional radiology unites. CT contrast media injector is a syringe-based fluid delivery system indicated for delivery of contrast media during computed Tomography. All kind of iodinated contrast media and saline can be delivered by the system.

 

  • Defi:-

            A device that delivers a substance to be injected control by a timing mechanism, at a specific pressure of injecting intravenous contrast media into the human vascular system. Use in multi-slice CT scanner.

   

  • User qualification:-

 The system should be operated only by qualified person who:-

Are completely familiar with the unit, have read and understood this user’s manual.

In any case appropriately prepared in the utilization of hardware and methodology of this kind.

  • Types of CT injector:-

  There are two type of CT injector:-

  1. Single syringe injector:-


    First developed in 1970s .

Single syringe ct pressure injector
Single syringe ct pressure injector
Single syringe display
Single syringe display



  • Dual syringe injector advantage:-

Dual syringe ct pressure injector
Dual syringe ct pressure injector

Dual syringe display
Dual syringe display


    Over the past many years, the trends in automated imaging contrast media injection system have included, the convulsions from single- to dual head injectors, the introduction data management systems and improve patient safety features.

    The  Advantage of dual head syringe system is that one head of saline injects first to open the veins followed by the second injector head of Contrast. This is followed by a saline flush from the first head to keep the Contrast following. As a result, much less contrast is needed (a reduction of about 30% ) helping to reduce costs. Multi head injectors also  offer increased patient safety and reducing the flow rate.

  • The system is intended for the:-

Specific purpose of injecting intravenous contrast media or saline into human’s for diagnostic studies in computed Tomography (CT) application.

  •   Contraindications:-

    The system is not to be used for drugs infusion chemotherapy, or any other use for which the device are not indicated. The system is not intended for portable use.


Why should do plain CT SCAN and Contrast CT SCAN precautions of contrast scan

 

Why should do CT scan?

    CT scan is a non-invasive technique use in radiology department. CT scan show a cross section anatomy of the body. The image show bone and soft tissues more clearly using the standard x-ray. Ct scan can show a tumour shape, size and location. They can show early stages infract /stroke, haemorrhage, bone and joints, blood vessels and all internal organs disease.

Why should do CT scan contrast?

     Not all scan are use contrast. It’s use depend on which part of the body scan is being use to analysis. contrast material are also called contrast media or a dye, are used to improve image inside of the body. Iv contrast (intravenous) are used to highlight blood vessels, organ and other stracture of the body.

What is contrast dye ?

    A contrast agent is a substance use to increase contrast of stracture or fliud within the body.

Types of contrast

   There are many type of contrast material, and each work in a different way.

Barium sulphate and iodine based compound use in x-ray and CT department.


Barium sulphate:-

Microbar barium suspension use only orally in x-ray department
Barium suspension

     Is the most common contrast material used orally and rectally. Including pharynx, esophagus, stomach, the small instatine and large instatine. Barium sulphate compound are available in several forms, including Powder that is mixed with water, liquid and tablet.

Iodine based and gadolinium based both are used intravenous:-

      Internal organ heart’, lungs, liver, brain, kidney, pancreas, uterus, and other organs.


Iodine based:-

Non iodine based CT CONTRAST k scan 90 ML
Ct intravenous contrast

   This type of contrast is injected into the blood vessels in the fluid space of the spine and into other cavity.











Gadolinium:-

    Is the critical part in the most often utilized MRI contrast material. At the point when this substance is available in the body, it modifies the attractive properties of close by water atoms, which improves the nature of pictures.

How should I prepare for my contrast scan.

        A day before you eat a healthy food such as rice, fruits and juice ext. The day of the test you should stay (N.B.M) nil by mouth minimum 4 hr. If you exam include iv and oral contrast you will be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 hr before exam. You can drink clear liquid, unless you are no restricted fluids.

Creatinine is important before CT contrast.

      Contrast enhancing CT scan in the radiology department could minimise the risk of kidney injury. Intravenous are iodine based contrast agent used in CT SCAN cause acute kidney injury.

  

Risk side effects of contrast.

  Tell you doctor immediately about any symptoms:-

  • Heaviness
  • Itching
  • Read skin And rashes
  • Difficulty in breathing
  • Swelling of the throat
  • Abnormal heart rhythms
  • High or low blood pressure
  • Shortness of breath
  • Convulsions

Serum creatinine

     Is a reported as milligrams of creatinine to a decilitre of blood (mg/dl)  or micro molecular of creatinine to a litter of blood. The typical range of serum creatinine is for adult , 0.70 TO 1.40.

When creatinine is high.

    High level of creatinine can indicate that you kidneys are not working properly.

what should do when serum creatinine is higher.

Naturally lower your creatinine levels:-

  • Follow a healthy lifestyle.
  • Make changes in your diet.
  • Reduce your protein intake.
  • Eat more fiber.
  • Lower your salt intake.
  • Avoid smoking.
  • Limit your alcohol intake.


Thank you.......

 

Thursday, September 9, 2021

Difrance between CT SCAN and MRI scan ?

Difference between CT SCAN and MRI scan.

              A CT and MRI scan have similar use, but they produce image different ways. A CT scan use Gamma Ray's and MRI scan use a strong magnetic field and radio waves. a both are use capture image in human body.

CT SCAN:-

A multi slice CT scan machine
A multi slice CT scan

            CT stand computed Tomography is a medical imaging technique use in radiology department to get more details in body organs diagnostic purpose. Is a non-invasive technique. the person that perform CT scan or MRI are called radiographer or a radiology technologist.

            Ct scan use a rotating x-ray tube and a row of detectors pleased in the gantry a computer use information to create a cross section images.

            The definition of cross section is a section of something that has been cut down the middle to show what is inside. An example of a cross section is what you see on the inside when you cut a layered inside of your body in half.

           The Process is repeated to produce a number of slice. The computer tech this scan one on top of the order to create a detail a image of your organ ,bone 🦴,or blood vessels. For example, a surgeon may use this type of scan to look at all side of tumour to prepare for an operation.

 

A CT scan is a typically used for :

Bone fracture

Tumours

Cancer monitoring

Finding bleeding, like (IC bleed intra cranial, SDH subdural hematoma, SAH subarachnoid hematoma.)

         During a CT scan you will be asked lie down on the table. The table than Move through the CT scan take cross-section picture in your body.

MRI scan:-

3Tesla MRI machine
3 Tesla MRI machine

       Using a radio waves and magnets, MRI are used to view object inside your body.

They are frequently used to diagnose issue with your:

Joints

Brain

Ankle

Wrist

Special procedure

Breast

Heart

Blood vessels

MRCP

           A constant magnetic field and radio frequency bounce off of the fat and water molecules in your body. Radio waves are sent to a collector in the machine which is converted into a picture of the body that can be utilized to analyze issues.

        An MRI is a loud machine. Normally, you'll be offered earplugs or earphones to make the clamor more tolerable.

 

Risks

        CT scan and MRI some risks when used. The risk are based on the type of image as well as how the imaging is performed.

CT risk include :-

Harm to unborn babies

A very small dose of radiation

A potential reaction to the use of dyes

Damage DNA and cause cancer


MRI scan risk include :-

Possible reaction to metal due to magnetic power

Increase in body temperature during long scan time

Loud noise from the machine causing hearing issue

The Magnetic field that change with time loud knocking noise

Claustrophobia.

You should consult a doctor before perform MRI if you have implants including:

Eye implants 👀

Artificial joints

An IUD (intra uterine device)

A spcemaker


Benefits

         Both MRI and CT scan can view internal body structure. But CT SCAN is  faster provide images of tissue, organ and skeleton structure.

         An MRI is highly adept at capture image that help doctor determine if their are abnormal tissue within the body. MRI are more detail in their images.

Choosing between CT scan and MRI

         No doubt, your primary care physician will give a proposal dependent on your side effects whether you ought to get CT or MRI.

        If you need a more details image of your soft tissue, ligaments, or organs, your doctor will commonly suggest an MRI.


Example

Tear of ligament

Joint effusion

Herniated disc

Soft tissue information and edema


Take a way

        Both are relatively low risk. Both proposition significant data to assist your Physician with diagnosing explicit conditions.

         Most likely, your physician will tell you which one they recommend. Be sure to ask questions and discuss.  

 

Thanking you.

history of the CT (Computed Tomography) scan

 The history of the CT (Computed Tomography) scan is a fascinating journey of innovation that revolutionized medical imaging. Here's a ...