What Is Cartilage? – Definition, Structure & Types

Introduction

Cartilage is a specialized connective tissue in the human body that provides support, flexibility, and smooth movement at joints. It plays a crucial role in the musculoskeletal system by reducing friction between bones and absorbing shock during movement. Cartilage is softer than bone but stronger than muscle tissue, making it ideal for cushioning and structural support.

What Is Cartilage?

Cartilage is a firm yet flexible connective tissue composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes, which are embedded in a smooth extracellular matrix made of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and water.

Unlike bone, cartilage:

• Has no blood vessels

• Has no nerves

• Has limited self-healing ability

Because of this, cartilage injuries often take longer to heal and may require advanced imaging like MRI for early detection.

Structure of Cartilage

Cartilage consists of:

• Chondrocytes – cartilage-forming cells

• Matrix – gel-like substance providing strength and elasticity

• Collagen fibers – provide tensile strength

The smooth surface of cartilage helps joints move painlessly and efficiently.

Types of Cartilage in the Human Body

There are three main types of cartilage, each with a specific function.

1️⃣ Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage

Functions:

• Provides smooth joint surfaces

• Supports respiratory structures

Found in:

• Articular surfaces of joints

• Nose

• Trachea and bronchi

• Rib cartilage

2️⃣ Fibrocartilage

Strongest type of cartilage

Functions:

• Shock absorption

• Resistance to pressure

Found in:

• Intervertebral discs

• Knee meniscus

• Pubic symphysis

3️⃣ Elastic Cartilage

Highly flexible cartilage

Functions:

• Maintains shape with flexibility

Found in:

• External ear (pinna)

• Epiglottis

• Eustachian tube

Clinical Importance

Damage to cartilage can lead to conditions like:

• Osteoarthritis

• Meniscal tears

• Degenerative joint disease

MRI is the best modality to assess cartilage health.

🔚 Conclusion

Cartilage is an essential connective tissue that enables smooth movement, flexibility, and shock absorption. Understanding its types and structure is fundamental for radiology students, technologists, and healthcare professionals.